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1 Introduction

1.1 Classification of Translators

source-------------object code -translator code

source languageobject language
Compiler high low
Decompiler low high
Assembler low machine
Rewriter high high

1.2 History Snapshots

1946Konrad Zuse Plankalkul

published 1972

1949 John Mauchly Short Code
(Brief Code)

relied on manual conversion

1952 Grace Hopper A-0

first compiler (on UNIVAC)

1957 John Backhus et. al. Fortran

first complete compiler (on IBM 704); introduced subroutines, functions, loops

1960 Algol 60

introduced block-structured language, BNF

1960 Cobol

multiple platforms

1964 Ole-Johan Dahl,
Kristan Nygaard		Simula

introduced classes, inheritance and objects

1965 Donald Knuth

attribute grammars, LR parsing

1966 Niklaus Wirth Algol W

introduced records, case, passing parameters by value, precedence of operators.

1968 Algol 68

introduced casting of types.

1972 Dennis Ritchie C

 

1986 Bjarne Stroustrup C++

 

1994 James Gosling et. al. Java

 

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1.3 The Making of Compilers

Front End

--------| --------| -----------| |lexical | |syntax | ---------| intermediate| source--|analyzer-- tokens--|analyzer--abstract--|semantics-- abstract--| code --intermediate code (scanner)- -(parser)| tree -analyzer| tree -generator--- code

Back End

---code--| optimized --code---| intermediate--|optimizer--intermediate--generator --machine code ---------| code ---------| code

1.4 Theoretical Foundations

lexical analyzers

finite state automata and regular grammars

syntax analyzers

pushdown automata and context free grammars

code generation

data structures

optimization

undecidability, NP-hardness, approximation algorithms,…

1.5 Course Conduct

1.6 The Course Project

Given.

Assignments.

  1. MINI-MACHINE simulator
  2. A table driven scanner
  3. A LL parser
  4. A code generator
  5. A LR parser
  6. Scanner and parser generators

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